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A |     KAMPALA, Uganda -- Jostling for space, people jam the crowded footpaths crisscrossing a massive open market in Uganda's capital. They are mostly looking for secondhand clothing, sifting through underwear for pairs that seem new or trying on shoes despite getting pushed around in the crush.Downtown Kampala’s Owino Market has long been a go-to enclave for rich and poor people alike looking for affordable but quality-made used clothes, underscoring perceptions that Western fashion is superior to what is made at home. Discarded by Europeans and Americans, these clothes are often purchased from wholesalers and then shipped to African countries by middlemen. It's a multimillion-dollar business, with some two-thirds of people in seven countries in East Africa having “purchased at least a portion of their clothes from the secondhand clothing market,” according to a 2017 U.S. Agency for International Development study, the most recent with such details.Despite the popularity, secondhand clothes are facing increasing pushback. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, a semi-authoritarian leader who has held power since 1986, declared in August that he was banning imports of used clothing, saying the items are coming “from dead people.” “When a white person dies, they gather their clothes and send them to Africa,” Museveni said.Trade authorities have not yet enforced the president’s order, which needs to be backed by a legal measure such as an executive order. Other African governments also are trying to stop the shipments, saying the business amounts to dumping and undermines the growth of local textile industries. The East African Community trade bloc — consisting of Burundi, Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda — has recommended banning imports of used apparel since 2016. However, member states have not enforced it at the same pace amid pressure from Washington. In Uganda, the president's order has spread panic among traders, for whom such a ban, if implemented, spells disaster. They hawk used clothes in scores of large open-air markets across the country of 45 million people, at roadside stands and even in shops in malls where it’s possible to buy secondhand clothes marketed as new.The clothes are cheap and drop further in price as traders make room for new shipments: a pair of denim jeans can go for 20 cents, a cashmere scarf for even less.At one of Uganda’s Green Shops, a chain specializing in used clothes, apparel reseller Glen Kalungi shopped for items his customers might want: vintage pants for men and cottony tops for women.“I am a thrift shopper,” he said. “I usually come to these Green Shops to check out clothes because they have the best prices around town.”Kalungi likes to visit on clearance days when he can buy clothes for a fraction of a dollar. Then he sells them at a profit.The chain, whose owners include Europeans, unveils new clothes every two weeks at its three stores. Some of the items are sourced from suppliers in countries including China and Germany, retail manager Allan Zavuga said.“How they collect the clothes, we are not aware of that,” Zavuga said of their suppliers. “But (the clothes) go through all the verification, the fumigation, all that, before they are shipped to Uganda. And we get all documents for that.”The Green Shops are environmentally friendly because they recycle used clothes in bulk, he said.The association of traders in Kampala, known by the acronym KACITA, opposes a firm ban on used apparel, recommending a phased embargo that allows local clothing producers to build capacity to meet demand.Some Ugandan apparel makers, like Winfred Arinaitwe, acknowledge that the quality of locally made fabric is often poor. Not surprisingly, many people would rather buy used clothing, she said. "Because it lasts longer,” she said. “It can easily be seen.”In Owino Market, a ban on used clothes is inconceivable to many, including some who say they don't think the president’s threat was serious.Abdulrashid Ssuuna, who tries to persuade customers in the market to stop by his brother’s used clothing business, said a ban would deny him a livelihood.“It’s like they want to chase us out of the country,” he said of the president’s order. “From these old clothes, we get what to eat. If you say we leave this business, you are saying we go into new clothes. But we can’t afford to go there.”Ssuuna approaches people in Owino Market to urge them to visit the stall where his brother sells used jeans. The market is aggressively competitive, with merchants sitting behind heaps of clothes and shouting words of welcome to possible customers.If he helps his brother sell clothing, “I get something,” said Ssuuna, who started this work after dropping out of high school in 2020.The market is always full of shoppers, but business is unpredictable: Traders must try to anticipate what customers are looking for before they are lured by other sellers. Some days are better than others, said Tadeo Walusimbi, who has been a used-clothes trader for six years. A government ban is simply untenable, he warned. It “will not work for me and for so many people,” Walusimbi said.。

B |     当全球吃瓜群众把目光集中在惊天魔盗团7分钟速通卢浮宫身上的时候，另一场“夺宝奇兵”式行动却被大家忽视了。                   自2022年4月至2023年11月，欧洲十多家图书馆的珍贵俄语古籍接连失窃，多达170册，总价值260万美元。                   被盗书籍主要是19世纪俄罗斯最伟大作家的出版作品，犯罪的主要目标是普希金的作品，除此之外还有米哈伊尔·莱蒙托夫和尼古拉·果戈里的作品。                   普希金的初版《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》          在2019年佳士得拍卖会上以46.7万英镑（约合414万元人民币）的价格成交                    面对接连不断的失窃案，欧洲刑警组织启动了代号“普希金行动”的跨国调查——一场围绕金钱、政治与伪造技艺展开的俄罗斯文学劫案，由此浮出水面。

C |                    对于调查人员来说，这可能是他们见过最大规模的图书系列盗窃案。                                       大概从3年前开始，欧洲图书馆业界有个流行传说，说是有人用伪本，在欧洲各大图书馆对几个世纪以前的珍本进行偷梁换柱。                   这个传说很快得到了证实。

D | 一位读者在拉脱维亚塔林图书馆借阅普希金珍本时，奇怪地发现书皮底下本该是俄文的页面全都印满了德文，于是向警方报案。                   开始警方以为是孤案，结果跟欧洲数据库一比对发现，伪本遗留的DNA与此前爱沙尼亚塔尔图大学图书馆八珍本失踪案一致，才发现他们正在陷入一场麻烦。                   经过侦办，警方于2022年11月逮捕了48岁的格鲁吉亚男子Beqa Tsirekidze，他来自一个至少由十人组成的犯罪团伙，其中包括他的儿子Mate和儿媳妇Ana Gogoladze。                             据报道，Beqa Tsirekidze的儿子Mate和儿媳妇Ana Gogoladze的犯案手法更具黑色幽默。                   在他老爹蹲班房的时候，两人在华沙图书馆作案，监控显示，他们以做研究19世纪俄罗斯文学中的民主为名借了8本书，然后坐到最后一排对这些珍本进行拍照和测量，还腻味。                   一番操作之后，俩人以抽烟为名离开座位，管理员来到位置检查时发现他们借阅的8本珍本有5本没了，其中一本是普希金的《强盗兄弟》。                   案发后，华沙图书馆对馆藏进行检查，发现有近80本珍稀书籍失窃，总价值约60万美元。

E |                    俩人现已归案，案值达到10万美元                    与Beqa Tsirekidz团队比起来，他们49岁的同乡兼同行Mikheil Zamtaradze的犯案手法显然要高明得很多。                   2023年在布鲁塞尔机场被捕时，警方从他随身行李中发现了很多奇怪的东西。                   他随身携带的17本“珍贵俄语书籍”中，有11本是他曾在法国国家图书馆查阅过的伪本；同时还有大量模仿名家的藏书票，这些都是珍贵古籍上常见的东西；更夸张的是，他还有一本化名伪造的比利时护照和数量多到令人惊讶的图书馆卡。

F |                    Mikheil Zamtaradze                    根据警方调查，Mikheil Zamtaradze在立陶宛维尔纽斯大学图书馆窃取了17本俄语珍贵书籍。法国国家图书馆馆藏主管也发现，这位老哥在半年内造访了40次，所借阅过的9本珍贵书籍被换成了伪本。                   图书馆员们都声称Mikheil Zamtaradze制作伪本的技术娴熟，纸张老化自然，图书馆藏章被盖到了准确无误的位置，他所制作的伪本达到了只有珍本专家才能识别的程度。                   华沙大学图书馆工作人员展示被狸猫换太子的1822年普希金伪本《高加索的俘虏：故事》                    但英裔历史学者Nick Wilding不这么看。                   这位学者精通鉴定印刷物，曾因揭露意大利图书馆员伪造伽利略著作《星际信使》而在国际上声名大噪。                   他认为从技术角度而言，19世纪的普希金和果戈里的伪造影印本可能一天之内就能做出来，但仔细观察绝对破绽百出，他发现格鲁吉亚犯罪团伙的手艺还是道行太浅，比如书页泛黄，但扉页却显得极不自然的新，这种对比简直是摆在明面上的马脚。

G |                    “我觉得他们做的这些玩意都侮辱了伪造这个词，相当业余...要知道上次伽利略那个伪本，造假者可是用了一年，亲自制作纸张，拿硫磺蒸汽低温做旧的。                   让Nick名声大噪的一次鉴定，最明显的错误是：          左侧是《星际信使》初版，月球的图像是以黑色蚀刻版印制的。而右侧的伪本则使用了棕色水彩绘制                              在珍本系列盗窃案中，格鲁吉亚这个词反复出现。                   这个坐落在高加索山脉之中的国家，在人类文明中颇具神性。在《旧约》中，它被认为是诺亚方舟停靠的地区之一，是新生与救赎之地。                   但在现实中，格鲁吉亚自19世纪以来最显著的标签可能是犯罪。

H |                              自19世纪俄罗斯帝国逐步控制整个高加索地区之后，格鲁吉亚当地的王室被废黜，帝国控制下的格鲁吉亚失去了贸易路线和资源。在贫穷和压迫之下，格鲁吉亚人以秘密结社的形式对抗统治这里的外来统治者，这种形式是当代格鲁吉亚有组织犯罪的雏形。                   所有生活在不公之地的老百姓，都会崇拜对抗政权的盗匪，格鲁吉亚也不例外。

I |                    在19世纪，成为盗匪对于格鲁吉亚人来说是光荣的，最能证明这一点的，是活跃在19世纪初的盗匪Arsena Odzelashvili，他在当地袭击警察和地主以抢夺财物，在今天看来是妥妥的恐怖分子行为，但却被当地人视为侠盗、圣徒，还给他立了一座雕像放到了圣城姆茨赫塔。                             这种盗贼文化在苏联时期被保留下来，甚至占据了重要位置。                   根据2007年出版的《Historical development of Georgian organized crime》给的数据，苏联时期格鲁吉亚人口虽然只占人口比例的2%，但律贼数量却占到了全苏联的33%。

J | 所谓律贼，是俄罗斯犯罪文化中的统治者，可以理解为教父的概念。                   国际学者发现，格鲁吉亚发达的地下犯罪网络，让走私和地下交易遍布整个苏联，以至于格鲁吉亚人在苏联时期生活得不错，甚至从1980年代开始对政治施加影响力，同时也成为统治者的工具。                             时至今日，格鲁吉亚犯罪正在对西欧施加更多影响力，面对这一状况《高加索期刊》在2025年3月采访了格鲁吉亚战略分析中心有组织犯罪与执法研究中心的负责人Dr. Lasha BREGVADZE：                     “苏联解体后，格鲁吉亚犯罪网络把目光投向西欧，其独特而紧密的组织方式对西欧来说是一种全新挑战，贫穷又让扎根西欧的帮派，得以从格鲁吉亚招聘更新鲜的血液....”                    “从现在的比例来看，全球律贼群体中，超过60%是格鲁吉亚公民....在这个复杂的时代，这种犯罪亚文化更可能成为混合战争的武器。”                              如果说格鲁吉亚的犯罪团伙在这场席卷欧洲的大规模偷书活动中是武器，那么使用武器的是谁呢？                    答案是俄罗斯买家。                   2025年6月，因在立陶宛维尔纽斯大学图书馆盗窃17本书的Mikheil Zamtaradze在法庭受审时声称，之所以会盗窃书籍，是受一名俄罗斯男子委托，他认为这个人是莫斯科拍卖行的高层，此人给他寄送了12本用于替换的伪造书籍，报酬是价值3万美元的加密货币。

K |                    公开消息证实了盗窃与俄罗斯买家的联系，消息显示华沙大学图书馆失窃的珍本中，至少有4本在2022年底和2023年通过莫斯科的LitFund拍卖出售。                   LitFund拍卖行公布的图片，带有明显的波兰国家图书馆藏章，现已下架                    俄语珍本在世界收藏市场所占比例较小，国际藏家兴趣寥寥，但近些年俄罗斯人对这些代表俄罗斯精神内核的珍本兴趣高昂。                   根据驻巴黎的俄罗斯艺术专家Ekaterina Nikolaeva-Tendil的说法，这个黑暗市场的崛起很可能与俄乌冲突有关。

L | 她认为国际制裁涉及方方面面，俄罗斯富有的收藏家也陷入一场有钱无处花的困局。                   多家媒体和一些调查人员认为，如此大规模针对俄文珍本的盗窃，很难不让他们联想到更大的阴谋。                             目前，欧洲刑警组织的“普希金行动”尚未终结，真正的答案并不明确。考虑到目前紧张的地缘局势，让俄罗斯官方协助调查与归还也显得遥遥无期。                   这是一个有关国际制裁、高涨的消费欲望、疏于防护的图书馆和狡猾组织组成的犯罪故事。

M | 但解决方案，远没有那么几个字词堆叠起来那么简单。                   唯一能作出改变的，大概是Tsirekidze被捕后接受采访时说的那句话吧：                    “半公斤黄金价值6万美元，有22名武装人员守卫。两本价值6万美元的书，却只有一位年迈女士看管，甚至连监控都没有。

N | ”                    文章标题：卢浮宫大劫案之外的另一场神秘盗窃案          文章链接：https://www.huxiu.com/article/4796075.html          阅读原文：卢浮宫大劫案之外的另一场神秘盗窃案_网。

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